Islamophobia as Cultural Racism: The Case of Islamic Attire in Turkey

Grasping the various aspects of Islamophobia in Muslim societies requires much finer methods order to decipher intentions actors distinctive life situations varying from media education. This article engages a debate as whether is new type racism, i.e., cultural, geographical, phenotypical, or Xeno-racism, and relatively recent that has emerged neo-liberal states: anti-Muslim racism. In Muslim-majority society, ‘culture’ members fairly homogenous, so takes another cue, focusing on external markers, like headscarf beard. While racism sometimes exercised along more subtle lines cultural difference societies, it prevails through old-fashioned, phenotypical The representation rather misrepresentation Islam and/or Muslims can be understood prevailing source antagonism between secular traditionalist segments Turkish society; indeed, produces reproduces racialization majority, predominately by rendering invisible, depicting ways denigrate their clothing, manners, style, way living across mass forms.